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活检是否会导致我的癌症扩散? | Most cancers.Internet

Fasting Spotlight by Fasting Spotlight
January 16, 2023
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活检是否会导致我的癌症扩散? | Most cancers.Internet
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活检是帮助您的医生做出可能的癌症诊断的重要步骤之一。如果您的医生确实发现癌症,活检结果也可以帮助其为您和您所患的特定类型癌症定制正确的治疗计划。

但有些人可能想知道活检是否会对其身体产生其他不良影响,包括是否可能导致癌症扩散。在这里,我们将讨论常见的活检技术、为什么它们不太可能导致癌症扩散,以及如果您有疑虑,您可以与您的医生讨论的一些问题。

活检是什么?为什么我需要进行活检?

活检 (英文) 是医生诊断癌症的最常见方法。在活检过程中,医生会从疑似肿瘤的组织或所关注的部位采集一小块组织,称为样本。然后,病理医生将在显微镜下观察该样本,以作出诊断。病理医生是专门负责解读实验室检查结果并评估细胞、组织和器官以诊断包括癌症在内的疾病的医生。

采集活检样本有许多不同的技术。例如,在细针抽吸活检中,医生会将一根连接着注射器的针头插入可疑部位,以采集少量组织进行诊断。在切除活检中,医生将切除整个可疑肿块进行检查。

“在正确进行的情况下,活检常常可以为疑似或已知患有癌症的患者提供必要的资料,帮助进行诊断、分期并指导临床决策。” —Jeffrey E. Gershenwald,医学博士,美国外科医师学会会员,德克萨斯州休斯顿德克萨斯大学安德森癌症中心外科部肿瘤外科教授,Most cancers.Internet 编辑委员会 (英文) 成员。

为什么有些人认为活检可能会导致癌症扩散?

肿瘤播散或针播种是指在活检过程中将针插入肿瘤中时,导致癌细胞脱落和扩散的罕见情况。这有时称为针径或针道播种,因为癌细胞沿着针插入的通道生长。 

过去,肿瘤播散难以进行研究,其证据依赖于旧的病例报告,病例报告是对个人病史的描述。但是,前泌尿科医生 Ronald Wheeler 出版了一本书并在医疗实践中主张不应对前列腺癌 (英文) 男性患者进行活检,这一想法引起了一些关注。但佛罗里达州于 2017 年撤销了 Wheeler 的医师资格证,并且他因欺诈患者和无照行医 (英文) 而被捕。

研究对活检导致癌症扩散有何看法?

每项医疗程序都有风险。活检有较小的出血和 细菌感染 (风险。在最近的研究中,科学家们致力于量化活检的风险和益处,以更好地为患者和其他医生提供指导。

数项研究以及个案病例报告) 证实,肿瘤播散极少发生,而活检的获益远大于风险。例如,Intestine (英文) 杂志 2008 年的一篇综述表明,2.7% 的肝癌 (活检发生了针径播种。然而,在 2015 年发表于 BJU Worldwide (英文) 的一项研究中,研究人员回顾了既往研究,发现针径播种的发生率很低(不到 1%)。在 2013 年发表于 Endoscopy (英文) 的一项研究中,研究人员发现,256 名接受和未接受活检的胰腺癌患者的癌症复发率没有差异。然后,在 2015 年晚些时候发表于 Intestine (英文) 的一项研究中,相同的研究人员发现,在包含 2034 名 Medicare 胰腺癌患者的数据库中,活检与死亡风险增加无关。最近在 2019 年发表于 Urology (英文) 的一项研究中,研究人员发现,空芯针穿刺活检技术在 42 名膀胱癌) 患者中安全有效,并且在随访 28 个月后没有发生播种。

总体而言,虽然有可能在活检过程中发生针径播种,但这种情况很少见。

为什么进行所推荐的活检很重要?

活检通常是明确判断您是否患有癌症的最佳方式。超声波 (英文) 和磁共振成像 (MRI) (英文) 等其他工具可以告诉医生某个区域是否看起来可疑。但是在大多数情况下,明确确诊癌症的唯一方法是进行活检并在显微镜下观察这些可疑细胞。许多活检在成像引导下进行,称为影像引导活检,这是指使用超声或计算机断层扫描 (CT) (英文) 等工具帮助定位所关注的区域并获得活检材料。

有时,活检会显示可疑区域仅含有良性或非癌性细胞。这可能意味着您不需要进行手术)、放疗) 或化疗 (英文) 等治疗。而有时候,活检可以让医生知道癌症的侵袭性和疾病程度。这是指癌症的分期 (英文) 和分级。活检还可以确定肿瘤内的癌细胞类型。所有这些信息都有助于确定治疗癌症的最佳行动方案。

如果您对活检有疑虑,请询问您的医生为什么建议进行活检,以及进行或不进行活检的风险是什么。您可能还想询问您的医生如何为活检做准备,活检期间预期会发生什么,以及在活检后如何照顾自己。活检是癌症患者诊疗护理的重要组成部分,您的医生可以帮助回答您在此过程中可能有的任何问题。



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